第十七集
主讲者:
日本高野山真言宗【东密】第五十三世 三国传灯灌顶阿阇梨
贤首宗兼慈恩宗 第四十二世法脉传人:释成观阿阇梨
Repeat after me。
南无本师释迦牟尼佛(三称)
Namo Root Guru Shakyamuni Buddha(三称)
开经偈:
The Sutra-opening Gatha。
无上甚深微妙法 百千万劫难遭遇
我今见闻得受持 愿解如来真实义
The supremely profound, wondrously sophisticated Dharma,Is hard to encounter in millions of Kalpas,And now that I am able to hear, read and uphold it,I wish to comprehend the real import of the Thus-Adventist,Release your palms。
放掌。
Now we continue with the speech,Why is Buddhism the best?
今天再继续讲这个题目,为什么佛法最棒?
Today,we start from Socrates。
我们今天讲苏格拉底。苏格拉底。
Socrates lived between 470 and 399 B.C.。
他活在纪元前470年到399年。
Finally, I'd like to talk a little about Socrates。
最后呢,我要讲一点关于苏格拉底。
who is presumably the Paragon of Greek philosophers and the Archetype of Western thinkings。
他可以说是希腊哲学家的最高典范,而且是西方思想的原型,最原始的那个叫作原型Archetype,或者也可以说prototype。
In my youthful days,like many Taiwanese youths fifty years ago,I was fascinated by the Western literature,philosophies and culture,especially those of the Greek。
在我年青的时代呢,就像很多台湾的年青人呐,五十年前的年青人,我深深被西方的文学、哲学、文化所吸引,尤其是希腊的。因为希腊的哲学、文学可以说是西方文化的一大泉源。
The Greeks have produced three giant figures of philosophy,Socrates,Plato, and Aristotle。
希腊人他们产生了三个大人物,在哲学上的大人物。苏格拉底、柏拉图及亚里士多德。
who came to dominate the stage of philosophy throughout western history。
这三个人呢,就主宰了西方历史上的哲学的舞台。
even down to this day。
甚至于时至于今,也还是一样,他们的影响力没有一点点减少。.
Socrates is the teacher of Plato。
苏格拉底是柏拉图的老师。
And Plato is the teacher of Aristotle。
而柏拉图是亚里斯多德的老师,所以这个是三代人,但是都是大人物。
Will Durant,an American historian of philosophy。
威尔杜兰是美国的一个哲学史家。
He says in his book,The Story of Philosophy。
他在他的著作《西洋哲学史话》里面。This is his book《西洋哲学史话》。
The Story of Philosophy。
这个我在大一的时候就看了,看过很多次,之后也看,因为里面材料很丰富。
In this book,Will Durant says :「in the 2,000 years of western philosophy,one is either a Platonian or an Aristotelian。」
在整个西方的哲学上来说,你不是一个柏拉图主义者,要不然你就是亚里士多德主义者,就是你逃不了这两个,那是什么呢?
Plato is an idealist。
柏拉图是一个理想主义者。
and Aristotle is a realistic person。
而亚里斯多德是现实主义者,所以,一个是活在云端的,一个是活在地面的,所以,一个非常精神化,一个非常的肉体化、地球化。所以,我们说柏拉图的爱情啊,那就是幻想的啦。其实柏拉图式的爱情,我们年青的时候都认为是很高尚,其实那都是幻想,都是不真实的,就是自以为如是。多半单恋或狂恋的人会那个样子,就是很不实际。
So, Plato is not realistic at all,and he lives in his ideals,and even the Platonic love is not realistic.,So we are given to understand that Plato and Aristotle are the two great Magnates,in Western philosophy。
所以,我们就要知道说,柏拉图跟亚里斯多德是西方哲学的二巨头。
whereas Socrates is the fountainhead of their tenets。
而苏格拉底则是他们的那一些道理、义理的泉源,也就是说,柏拉图跟亚里斯多德的道理呀,来源都是来自于苏格拉底。
Hence, Socrates has always stood as,an Ensign on the Western Philosophy Flagship。
因此呢,苏格拉底这总是站在西洋哲学的旗舰上,是西洋哲学旗舰上的那一个标志。
Hence, he has been hailed unanimously,and universally the wisest man,in the western world throughout history。
因此呢,他总是在这整个西方历史上呢,众口一同的,而且举世都这样赞叹他是西方最有智慧的人。
Nobody has ever conceived any doubt about it。
从来没有人对这个事情会产生一点点怀疑。
But this is just where the trouble is。
然而,麻烦就在这里,大家认为他是最有智慧的,而从来不以为疑,但是问题就在这里。
You know how Socrates died?
你知道苏格拉底是怎么死的?
He was persecutedby the Authorities of Athenson the charge of impiety。
他是被雅典的当局控诉大不敬的罪名。
and corrupting and misleading Athenian youths with his heresy。
而且呢,也控诉他除了大不敬以外,还误导雅典的年青人以及令他们堕落,用他的异端邪说来误导年青人。
and was found guilty,put into prison, and given the poison of hemlock to drink。
然后他被判有罪,关在监狱里,最后呢,死刑呢,就给他鸩,世界上最毒的一种毒药啊,「饮鸩止渴」那个「鸩」,就给他一杯鸩,鸩酒喝。
of which he died。
然后他因此就死于这个鸩酒上。
After his demise,Plato, his favorite student,with a view to vindicating his Mentor。
他死了以后呢,他的得意门生柏拉图,为了要为他的老师翻案,为他的名师翻案。
wrote an article called 「Apology」 。
Apology有两个意思,普通的意思就是道歉,但是这个是古典的用法,古典的意思是当做辩护的意思。It means defense。
So, this article is to defend Socrates,which is collected in The Dialogues of Plato。
这一篇Apology呢,就收集在柏拉图所作的《柏拉图对话录》。
The word「Apology」 here is in archaic use meaning a defense。
Apology这依个字在这里是古典的用法,意思就是辩护。
which records the speech that Socrates gives at the court of law,for the defense of himself。
这一篇文章主要就收录苏格拉底在法庭上为自己辩护的那些词语。
He did not hire a defense attorney。
他并没有雇一个辩护律师,他也拒绝公家给他一个辩护律师。从古希腊两千多年前,他们在判罪的时候都有陪审团,然后,制度上呢就是所有的被告都有为自己辩护的权利。所以一切犯人呢,都不是被假定有罪,而是被假定无罪,然后收集证据以后,当局收集证据,然后,原告律师,也就是检察官,还有被告的律师,就是辩护律师,互相辩驳。然后再由陪审团决定他是有罪无罪,有罪无罪确定了以后,再由法官判详细的罪行。但是如果大罪的话,陪审团就决定是死刑还是非死刑,就两个,两个决定。所以陪审团决定有罪、无罪,无罪就释放,有罪就要判决,而且他又在决定说是死罪还是非死罪,就这两个。然后,检察官再依律典吶,去决定说,以及各方面来,乃至于人情义理呀,都考虑在内,然后再决定他应该判十年、二十年、三十年,那死刑就不用讲了,死刑就死刑了。
Here Socrates explained,why he was arraigned。
在这一篇文章里面呢,也就是在法庭上,苏格拉底就解释说,他为什么会被控告的arraign 就是accuse 的意思。
Actually,he said it was not due to the fact, that he tried to corrupt the youths。
他解释说,他之所以被告啊,并不是由于他使年轻人堕落,教坏年轻人呐,以台湾话来讲就是这样的。
but because he was envied and hated,by a whole bunch of high-echelon of influential people。
而是因为他被嫉妒而且怨恨,有一大把的高阶的有势力的人,羡慕他以及憎恨他。
Then he proceeded to recount the why and wherefore。
然后,他就继续地来陈述其前因后果。
One day, Socrates relatedhe was told by one of his friends,Chaerephon。
有一天呢,苏格拉底说,有一天他有一个好朋友叫Chaerephon,Chaerephon凯乐风是他的好朋友。
This is his best friend,Chaerephon says thatthe Oracle at the Delphi,that is Apollo's Temple,declare that Socrates is the wisest of all men。
Chaerephon就跟他讲说,阿波罗神殿的神喻啊,发表说,宣布说苏格拉底是全希腊最有智慧的人,最聪明的人,不是聪明,有智慧。那我就说。
I wonder why Apollo ,I wonder why Apollo, as the god of wisdom,would need to do such a thing。
我就奇怪为什么阿波罗,他它是希腊的文艺之神、智慧之神,也是太阳神,对不对?阿波罗是太阳嘛,Apollo 是…·Arts 是指文艺,不只是艺术,文艺、智慧以及太阳,就是太阳神。因为是太阳所以有光嘛,所以是智慧。为什么一个智慧之神他要讲这个话干什么?有此必要吗?因为他这一句话就把他整个天下,至少当时的希腊以及后世啊,就都搞得天翻地覆。
Is there such a necessity for Apollo,to declare this?It makes the world topsy-turvy。
阿波罗这个神呢,这个智慧之神,这样一讲实在很没有智慧。
Apollo as the god of wisdom to say this,would render him wiseless,wisdomless,and ignorant。
无知,不知前因后果,不知话应该说不该说,不知此话有益有害,为什么说阿波罗无知呢?因为阿波罗讲了这个话,不知前因后果。
Why do I say that Apollo is ignorant?Because when Apollo says this,he is ignorant of the cause and effect,and the consequences of his words,And also, he does not know what words,can be said or not,And he also is ignorant of,if these words are useful or harmful,So, the conclusion would be by saying this,it shows Apollo is ignorant,and he is the god of ignorance。
所以他是无知之神而不是智慧之神。
So, you can examine the Greek gods,they are so perversed, so perverted,and they don't seem to be holy or saintly,or anything like that。
所以你如果用这种种角度去检验希腊的神呢,几乎所有希腊神都是颠倒的,他们一点也没有神性,也没有一点神圣的感觉。而且最糟糕的是,以中国人的想法就是说,阿波罗这句话等于是泄露天机,犯了天条大罪。
Besides, Apollo's words would make him,commit a sin of revealing the heavenly secrets,and it is a heinous crime in the Heaven。
所以是天条大罪。
So, if Apollo, by saying that is in want of wisdom,then, How can we require Socrates to be wiser han Apollo,I think there is no way。
如果连他们的神,智慧之神都这样子无知,那么我们如何要求他的地下的子民,这个苏格拉底能够有智慧呢?能够免于愚痴无知呢?人一定斗不过神嘛,是不是?
Socrates after hearing this would not believe that he is really the wisest man in Greece。
苏格拉底就听了凯乐风的话以后,他就不相信说他真的是全希腊、全雅典最有智慧的人。
And so, he proceeded to prove that the Oracle was not truthful。
所以呢,他就开始进行要去证明说,那个神谕是不真实的。
By the way, if he tries to do this,If he thinks that's,and try to do this,then he is very arrogant and defiant。
如果他这样想,而且又要去反驳神的话,以那个时代来讲,表示他非常的傲慢,对不对?非常的傲慢,而且呢,反叛性defiant。
He knew of a very famous learned statesman in Athens。
他认识了一个很有名的政治家,在雅典的政治家。
who was reputed to be a wise man。
那个政治家是以他的智慧为名,是知名的有智慧的人。
Socrates then went to this statesman。
然后,苏格拉底就到那一个政治人物那里去。
And after talking to him,he found out that the statesman to be a rather stupid person。
而出乎他意料之外的是,他跟他谈了话以后,跟这个政治家谈的话以后,他发现这一个政治家是一个很愚蠢的人。
which Socrates pointed out in his face。
而苏格拉底就当着他的面,跟他说:「你实在是一个很愚痴的人」。
by saying that you are a very stupid person,And the statesman got immensely furious。
而这一个政治家就非常的愤怒。那是自然的嘛。
Having thus tested and failed,to find a person wiser than himself。
这样子他尝试了,而且试了,但是并没有能够找到一个比他有智慧的人。
to disprove the Apollo's Oracle。
以便就是反驳阿波罗的神谕。
Socrates was not discouraged a little bit。
但是呢,苏格拉底却一点点也不沮丧。
He still thought there must be someone wiser than he in the world。
他仍然这样想,仍然相信说一定有某一个人,在这个世界上有某一个人比他有智慧的。
And forthwith he went to a celebrated poet。
接着呢,他很快的就再去找一个很有名的诗人。
By the way, the poet in the ancient times,was believed to be as wise as a prophet。
在古代呢,尤其是西方,诗人被认为是很有智慧 而且是他的智慧犹如一个先知一样,所以他堪能作一切人的导师,这样子。
And this time, again, after talking to him,Socrates found the poet as stupid asthe pervious statesman。
但是呢,这一次一样,苏格拉底在跟这一位诗人谈话之后呢,他发现这个诗人也是跟前面的政治家一样的愚痴。
And he also told him to his face as much。
而且他也是一样,当着他的面指斥他说:「原来你是这么愚痴啊!」
by saying that:「I would not know that you are so stupid」。
「我不知道你原来这么愚痴!」
The poet also got very mortified and upset and angry。
这个诗人呢,就很受伤,很受侮辱啊,觉得受侮辱了,很难过,而且盛怒。
But Socrates was such a candid,straightforward and perseverant man。
但是呢,苏格拉底是一个这样子的坦白、直爽而且有毅力的人。
that he would not quit so easily。
因此呢,他绝不会轻易的就罢休。
So he went on and on to make visits,to a phalanx of erudite people。
因此呢,他就一而再,再而三的去拜访了好多好多一大群的有学问的人,有知识的人。
like mathematicians,dramatists,and even artisans, and what not。
例如呢,数学家、剧作家或是公艺家等等。
And in all of them who eventually came to form a huge horde of noted people in Athens。
而这些人呢,所有的这些人,就是苏格拉底所拜访的这些人呢,最后就形成了一大群的知名之士,在雅典的知名之士。
He found that their names of being wise is really phony and spurious。
他就发现说他们的智慧之名原来都是假的、虚伪的。
that they are actually all very dumb。
而因为他们那个智慧之名都是假的,而他们实在是真正的笨蛋。dumb 这个字,那个「b」不发音,本来是哑巴的意思,另外一个意思就是蠢蛋。
That's Socrates....And in this way,throughout his longtime search, test, and examination,of famous people's wisdom。
就这个样子,在他长时间的寻求、测验,检视这些名人的智慧。
he has finally come to the conclusion that,the Delphic Oracle is truthful。
所以,他经过寻寻觅觅之后呢,终于呢,他达到了一个结论,也就是说,阿婆罗神殿的神谕呢,是真的。怎么真的?他确实,苏格拉里确实是全雅典、全希腊最有智慧的人,因为他实在找不到比他有智慧的人,所以他最后证明了。他等于是挑战所有高手以后,然后把所有的高手都一一处决了,他就是真正是最有智慧的人,这证明了,所以阿波罗实在是有智慧,没错,说苏格拉底是最有智慧的人。
that he, Socrates, though not exactly,the wisest man in the whole world,but is certainly much better off than all others。
他的真正的结论就是说,最重要的结论就是说,他本人呐,并不尽然是全世界最有智慧的人,但有一点确定的就是说,他比其他的人都好得多。much better off好得多。那意思是其实是一样的嘛,这是苏格拉底自己的话。
These are the exact words of Socrates at the court of law。
这就是苏格拉底在法庭上的自己的话,他比别人都「好得多」。
better off已经是好的多了,much是副词,又再形容better off,已经是好的多,又再好的多,好得多的多,应该这样子。欸,这个,我这样翻也是神来之笔,好得多得多!你看,这个愚人。他为了要证明他自己不是最有智慧的,结果就证来证去,他是最有智慧的,当他证了自己是最有智慧的时候,就是变成最没有智慧,是不是?
When one comes to the conclusion that,he is much better in wisdom than others,and then, he becomes the least wise person,at that moment, right?In Buddha's words,a wise man would not say he is a wise man,So, and when someone say,he is the wisest man,then he becomes automatically,the most stupid man, right?Because he becomes a joke。
因为什么?他变成一个笑话,对不对?
It is also the same if someone says:「I'm the most handsome man in the world」,Will you laugh?
如果有人说:「我是世界上最英俊的人」,你会不会笑?一样的意思。所以,你即使很英俊,你也变成是最傻瓜了,对不对?讲这种傻瓜话。
Thus,因此呢,就这样子,Socrates concluded before the Jury,that is why he came to be hated to the bone,by a host of stupid people。
就这样子苏格拉底就在陪审团的前面,做这样的结论说,而且是自白啊,说,这就是为什么他会被大撮愚痴人恨他入骨。
who have therefore endeavored to retaliate and repay him。
而这些人呢,因为嫉妒而且痛恨他呢,所以就努力的、尽力的想要回报、报复。
for their ignominious humiliation,by a false charge against him。
而他们所受的就是很不名誉的humiliation,就是给人家没面子,怎么讲?羞辱,就是那些人因为受了极大的羞辱啊,而且很不名誉的羞辱,因为被人家讥笑说是傻瓜,然后他们又是名人,所以就非常不名誉,ignominious 的羞辱,因此就提出了一个不真实的控告,对他提出不真实的控告。
And so, Socrates pleaded to the jury。
因此呢,苏格拉底就向陪审团团员吶、陈情。
that he is entirely innocent,of the crime charged on him。
他告诉他们说,他是完完全全无罪的,就是没有犯他们所控诉他的罪。所以你看,到这个时候他还不知道他犯了什么过错,甚至于,我提前讲,他后来怎么死的都不知道,对不对?他以为大家羡慕他、痛恨他这样子。但,痛恨是一定的,羡慕就不一定。那控诉是不是假的?控诉不假,但是也不见得不严重,你知道吗?因为你用异端邪说在世上那边,一天到晚那边教人,这个如果是一个专制的政府,早就把你抓起来了,对不对?那他是什么?
What is the heresy that he teaches?He tried to teach the youths how to think,and how to doubt。
他教年轻人怎么样思维,怎么样怀疑。
and how to,and try not to trust any authorities。
就是说,教年青人不要迷信权威,这样子。不要相信权威。
And so ,the authorities of the Athenian government was challenged。
所以呢,雅典的当局的权威呢,政府的权威就被挑战了,你知道吗?
Therefore, everybody would be glad to see him dead。
所以,雅典的每一个人都想要看到他死。
In Chinese, there is a saying that,when a person is pointed at by one thousand men,he will die without any disease。
在中国有一个成语呀,俗语呀,说:「千夫所指,无疾而死」。
千夫所指,it one thousand people point their fingers at you,saying that you are wrong,and you are bad,then you will die very quickly without disease。
就是说,一千个人指着你鼻子,骂你说;「你不对,你坏,你不行」,这个人就是不生病也就死掉了,你知道吗?光是一千个人不喜欢你,对不对?一千个人骂你,咒骂你,那你会死的,是不是?除非你是希特勒。
好,except that you are Hitler himself。
Why is Buddhism the Best?
「为什么佛法最棒?」
📄 原文
分析